Spotlight - The Fascinating History of Armenian Architecture Exposed

Armenia has a fascinating history dating back thousands of years, and the unique cultural influences that have shaped the country are reflected in its stunning ancient architecture. These influences go back to prehistoric times, with ruins of the first structures dating back over 7,000 years. Other ancient civilizations, including the Romans, also left their mark on these structures. In addition, the statewide adoption of Christianity as the official religion had a major impact on Armenian architecture.  

Let’s examine at the foundations of Armenian architecture in the prehistoric era and how this architecture evolved in antiquity. 

Prehistoric Armenian Architecture 

Armenian architecture already had a unique style by 3000 BCE. One of its most defining traits was the groundwork, in which a variety of geometrical shapes were combined to form cell designs. Remnants of this prehistoric architectural style can be visited in the Neolithic settlement of Kultepe in the modern-day autonomous region of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan.  

The settlement was excavated by archaeologist Osman Habibulla in 1951. This site is layered over 75 feet, with the deepest and oldest 30 feet containing material from the Neolithic Age. Above this layer lie the remains of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Architectural styles evolved from this point during the centuries before Christ. The pre-Christian period of Armenian architecture is classified into three distinct eras: Uratian, Hellenistic, and late Roman.  

Uratian Architecture in Ancient Armenia 

Uratian structures were characterized by rocks cut into intricate patterns, which were used as foundations for buildings made of mud brick. The temples of this era were characterized by giant stone walls at the lower levels and small interior spaces. Wooden columns were used to support these structures. 

Greco-Roman Influences on Armenian Architecture 

Hellenistic architecture is classic, grand, and elegant. It had a profound impact on the architectural styles of ancient Armenia. During the Hellenistic period, which began in the 4th century BCE, Armenia experienced cultural exchanges and influences from the Greek world. This resulted in a cosmopolitan fusion of styles and ideas. Armenian architecture during this era bears the imprint of Hellenistic design principles, characterized by harmonious proportions, graceful columns, and ornate decorative elements.  

The Temple of Garni, a remarkable example of Hellenistic influence in Armenia, showcases the integration of Greco-Roman architectural elements with local traditions. Its Corinthian columns, pediments, and intricate friezes pay homage to the classical Greek aesthetic. This temple is the only remaining Grego-Roman building in Armenia and is one of the country’s top tourist destinations. 

Greco-Roman architecture in Armenia also embraced the concept of placing structures gracefully and organically within their natural surroundings. Temples and palaces were strategically placed atop cliffs or near water sources, utilizing the natural landscape to enhance their visual impact. 

Ancient Christian Architecture in Armenia 

Although very few historical sites remain from Armenia’s pre-Christian eras, today, there are still remains of many ancient Christian churches and monasteries. Armenia became the first country in the world to adopt Christianity in the early 4th century, and this transition to a Christian nation forever changed the country’s architecture. Christian architecture in Armenia is characterized by central domes, stout columns, and intricate frescoes and carvings.  

The Holy Etchmiadzin Cathedral, located in Vagharshapat, is a prime example of this architectural style. This structure is generally considered to be the center of Armenian Christianity and has a profound religious, political, and cultural significance in the country. Built in the 4th century, it is believed to be the first cathedral in ancient Armenia and is believed to be one of the oldest cathedrals in the world. It was built by Armenia’s patron saint, Gregory the Illuminator, and its location atop a pagan temple symbolizes the country’s conversion from paganism to Christianity.  

Monastic Influences on Armenian Architecture 

Monastic complexes played a pivotal role in Armenian Christian architecture. The Haghpat and Sanahin Monasteries, both UNESCO World Heritage sites, exemplify this architectural style. These monastic structures, located amid incredible landscapes, feature an almost organic mix of religious and secular buildings that reflects how deeply faith is woven into the Armenian people’s lives. Haghpat was built by Queen Khosrovanuysh between the 10th and 13th centuries. Sanahin was also built in the 10th century. These monasteries have become major tourist attractions since being named UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1996. 

Khachkars are another emblematic type of Armenian Christian architecture. These carved, cross-bearing monuments are accented with a variety of patterns, such as rosettes and vines. These unique symbols of Armenian Christianity are found throughout the country and display remarkable craftsmanship and religious symbolism. UNESCO officially recognized their cultural significance in 2010, when they were added to the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage. 

Ancient Christian architecture in Armenia represents not only a sincere religious devotion but also the artistic and cultural achievements of the Armenian people. It stands as a testament to their enduring commitment to their religious identity and the enduring legacy of Christianity in the region.